Operational Definition.Pdf - 1875 Words

Designing a Study Operational Definitions The following chapter is excerpted from Designing HIV/AIDS Intervention Studies: An Operations Research Handbook, Andrew Fisher and James Foreit, 2002, Washington, DC: Population Council. (More on OR Handbook) CHAPTER 6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS A fter formulating the study objectives and hypotheses and describing fully the study intervention, the next step in the research process is to define operationally the key variables and terms of the study. Operational definitions serve two essential purposes: (1) They establish the rules and procedures the research investigator will use to measure the key variables of the study, and (2) they provide unambiguous meaning to terms that otherwise might be†¦show more content†¦According to the operational rules established, a person cannot be placed in the category â€Å"High Knowledge† and at the same time be placed in the â€Å"Medium,† â€Å"Low,† or â€Å"No† category. The categories are also totally inclusive. There are only four categories. There is no fifth, sixth, or seventh category that a respondent might fit into. 40 DESIGNING HIV/AIDS INTERVENTION STUDIES In some instances, you may not want to be quite so specific in defining the categories of a variable before data collection. Sometimes it is preferable to determine the category â€Å"cutting points† of a variable after data have been collected and the response distribution for the variable has been examined. As a general rule, it is best to have approximately an equal number of respondents in each category. Thus, in the example above, each of the four categories of the variable—knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission—should have approximately 25 percent of the respondents in the study population. If it is necessary to examine the response distribution of a variable before the procedures for establishing categories can be determined, then in the operational definition section of a study proposal the category names can be specified, but you should include a note indicating that each category will consist of approximately equal numbers of respondents. All variables must have at least two or more categories, or they are not

Media s Impact On The Media - 843 Words

Media is defined as the method that people use as two way communications to send and receive information. The people who receive information or media messages are known as â€Å"Receiver† while Media is known as â€Å"Sender† (Lunenburg, 2010). Media has been a part of people’s life since the late 1930s, used as a method to convince and control attitudes and beliefs (Barrett Braham, 1987).In the twentieth century, media is easy to access due to the increase of technology. The significant rise of media impact results directly from the increased access to media. It is a response from receiver after being exposed to media. These can influence the actions of receiver although the media may not intend this to happen. This essay will looks into the negative impact of media, especially on magazine and television on girls and woman particularly in relations body shape. Although there are various types of media, the main messages that broadcast in medium are not difference. The definition of beauty or attraction could be divided in two phase â€Å"Thin is normative and attractive† and â€Å"fat is aberrant and repulsive† (Bryant Oliver 2009, p.494).In the television, adolescent girls and women model who are thin could get better opportunities in their life for example successful married-life getting attention from men and having better career. In contrast with obese females, these consequence turn into opposition. Over weight girls and women are recognized as unpopular, they receives offensiveShow MoreRelatedMedia s Impact On The Media1007 Words   |  5 PagesMost of us watch television or listen to the radio on our commute in order to be up to date with the surrounding events. We depend on those sources of mass media to relay relevant and reliable information in order for us to understand pressing issues and formulate our opinions pertaining to the best approach in dealing with those issues. But what if the information relayed to us is biased and skewed or worse yet if those sources of information divert attention away from pressing matters and placeRead MoreMedia s Impact On Media1116 Words   |  5 Pagesculture and media, there have a range of perspectives that come from audience studies. The approaches state that the audiences, sometime, as the spectators, will make a particularly important impact on media, especially on new media. As following the technological development of the world, we barely are able to ignore the aspect of media, it does not matter that it is traditional media, or other optional the media like digital media, or even slightly controversial media like new media, and certainlyRead MoreMedia s Impact On The Media895 Words   |  4 Pages After researching the conclusion cannot be more clear that media no only creates uninformed voters but also that viewers of media have a large roll to play in that very outcome. Unfortunately, the roll of the media and its viewers are intertwined which means what one wants the other must deliver or both sides suffer, which is the stand still we have come to with political news coverage in the media today. The media has created Horse Race news coverage in order to make the election news more entertainingRead MoreMedia s Impact On Media Consumption Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesaccess an infinite amount of resources on the internet, 24 hours a day 7 days a week (XXXX). The rapid technological advancements has shifted the consumption of media from television, magazines and billboards to online digital media channels accessed via mobile devices, creating a ‘bedroom culture’ (Sumner, 2016) for many. The shift in media consumption has particularly been induced by the emergence of Social Networking Sites as well as other online platforms, which have become an integral part ofRead MoreMedia s Impact On Society956 Words   |  4 PagesThe media, or communication outlets, has a huge part in the racial divide, prejudices, oppressions and discriminations in America. These outlets include newspapers, television, internet, and/or radio. Over the recent years, stereotyping and discrimination has been greatly enhanced by media outlets. Even though the media has enhanced these harmful issues, the media can improve all of the factors by making changes to how they portray different races and ethnicities. â€Å"The media can influence peopleRead MoreMedia s Impact On Society1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe media industry is the state of our actuality. Society expects for the news to keep them informed on what is going on around the world. There are several different kinds of media; there is the newspaper, radio, and television. Each category has its own different stage that has modeled the media to be as influential as it is in society today. Along with all other forms of media, newspapering has played a huge role in the way society view the media industry. Through time many changes have occurredRead MoreThe Media s Impact On Society951 Words   |  4 Pagesface because of their gender. The comment section of this video is erratic; the viewers often have conflicting views about the meaning of the video as well as whether or not it was successful in its purpose. One thing is for sure, the video makes an impact by using several rhetorical devices including word choice, pathos and logos; all which separate it from other pro-feminism videos that exist. FCKH8.com’s video made an abundance of creative decisions that made each of its viewers have an intenseRead MoreMedia s Impact On Society920 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The media industry is the state of our actuality. There are several different kind of media; there is the newspaper, radio, and television. Each category has its own different stage that has modeled the media to be as influential as it is in society today. Along with all other forms of media, newspapering has played a huge role in the way society view the industry. Through time many changes have occurred, are occurring, and will continue to develop in the future. The media has an immenselyRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society And The Media s Beauty Standards949 Words   |  4 Pagessociety and the media’s beauty standards. The media communicates to consumers how and what to think, how to dress, act, and that we, as buyers, should care how others perceive us. The communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are circulated is known as media. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers , magazines, TV, radio, billboards, and more (What Is Media? Definition and Meaning). People interact withRead MoreSocial Media s Impact On Business1230 Words   |  5 Pagessocial media, a business reputation and advertisement that was based on word of mouth and newspapers. Although, now that the times have changed, and we live in a world based off social media. Social media opens the door to a lot of professional, ethical behavior and business ratings and ponders negative impact towards a business. Nearly 73% of the populations in the United States have had a social media profile with the leading uses of Twitter, Facebook or other various forms of social media. That

The Invisible Man By. Ellison - 1383 Words

Raplh Ellison’s Invisible Man is an example of African American who is dealing with racism against African Americans in the USA. The main character, the narrator, go through the novel with nameless which allows him to show his life experiences with a certain degree of detachment, yet, at the same time offering the reader to see his unique perception of the events that take place throughout the novel. Invisible Man Ralph Ellison filled theme, make a deeper reading of the text is an interesting task. One theme is the seriousness of racist apartheid in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s of. As an educated African-Americans in the South and the North in the great era of racial repression, it is difficult to be seen as the invisible man scholars believe that he really could become a power. This can be seen in many places including the white community leaders how to invisible people in 10 African-Americans being used as a recreation of the southern town in the novel, in which the form of invisible people live and in high school. Preconceived notion of white men so that they see dozens of black men because there is so much meat, they can be fun, they have they do terrible things to themselves and one another. These people are not just the typical uneducated white men, they are there, bankers, lawyers, judges, doctors, fire chiefs, teachers, businessmen, even a more fashionable pastor. Where black men were cast eye, hit another program called whites in attendance over howShow MoreRelatedThe Invisible Man By Ellison862 Words   |  4 PagesIn response to police brutality, The Invisible Man was written by Ellison demonstrated that through his life racism was entirely present. Ellison, in fact, was faced with police brutality throughout the novel. Ellison wrote a scene in which his narrator dealt with police brutality after giving a speech at an eviction. The police threatened to shoot him and beat all of them. Ellison wrote that his character had known it was due to the racism during the time period. Even so, t he rest of the novel involvedRead MoreInvisible, Invisible Man, By Ralph Ellison1994 Words   |  8 PagesInvisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchyRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1366 Words   |  6 Pagesfighter left standing, amidst unbridled carnage. The titular narrator of Ralph Ellison s novel Invisible Man, is no stranger to those experiences. In the beginning, he is forced to fight several other black boxers for the amusement of many heckling, white spectators. Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, allusions, and the actions, thoughts, and purposes of the spectators, pugilists and risquà © entertainment, Ellison seeks to express a powerful image of American race rel ations and women sRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1277 Words   |  6 PagesInvisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is a story about a young African American man whose color renders him invisible. The theme of racism as a hurdle to individual identity is present throughout the story in a variety of examples. From the beginning of the novel the theme of identity is evident as the narrator states, â€Å"All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what I was† (Ellison, p. 1254). In the midst of living in a racist American society the speakersRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison3051 Words   |  13 Pagesportrayed through the narrator’s, the invisible man, journey through life. The problems with society are foreshadowed by the racism and the symbols of the color white presented in the paint plant. â€Å"The Invisible Man† by Ralph Ellison depicts the African Americans struggle to be viewed as an equal membe r of society through the narrators struggles through life to discover his individuality or place in society while the white man or the community conspires to â€Å"keep the black man down†. The story follows theRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison977 Words   |  4 PagesBook Review: Invisible Man Invisible Man is an American Literature novel published by Ralph Ellison in 1952. The novel traces the experiences of a young college black man growing up in Harlem, New York. Attempting to succeed in a predominantly white society, the narrator encounters shocks and disillusionments from being expelled from college to hiding in an underground hole to protect himself from the people above. He lives a repressed life as an â€Å"Invisible Man† for he believes that society ignoresRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesvary from person to person, but often members of the same race are subject to the same expectations. Ralph Ellison’s novel Invisible Man explores the intersections of race and power, especially in a society that is very community oriented, as seen when the actions of an individual are reflected on other members of the race as well. Although Ellison’s protagonist â€Å"the Invisible Man† and other black men d escribed in the novel, on several occasions behave how they are supposed to, however their superiorsRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1032 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern society some people leads, and others will follow. Subjects will conditionally generate their own ideas and realize these ideas rather than just be assigned tasks that question their beliefs. The author Ralph Ellison illustrates it best. Ellison’s realistic fiction Invisible Man perpetuates the manifestation of manipulation over the minorities in this society. As the narrator embraces every identity he has been given, he starts to become more independent, and a leader in his community. WithRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pagestrying to rebel against the status quo. Protest literature emerged from the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920’s to 1930’s. Protest literature is used to address real socio-political issues and express objections against them. In his novel, The Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison exposes the racism in society by focusing on the culture, in regards to the expected assimilation of African Americans and how the time period largely influenced the mistreatment of the African American population. He also uses symbolsRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1246 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor of Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison, was born March 1st, 1914, and died April 16, 1994. He was born in Oklahoma City and named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous journalist and poet. When Ellison was 3, his father died of a work-related accident, leaving his mother to care for him and his younger brother. As a young boy, he al ways wanted to major in music, and he went to Tuskegee University to become a composer and performer of music. The summer before his senior year in college, Ellison went to

The Second Criterion Is Quality - 1250 Words

The second criterion is quality. How has the ACA affected the ability of patients to obtain quality care? According to the White House, quality of care has improved in a couple of important ways (Somanader, 2015). First, they argue patients are healthier when they leave a hospital stay, describing how from 2010 to 2013, 50,000 fewer people have died as the result of hospital errors and infections. They also explain that new care models allow patients to access their doctor when they need to. However, the White House also acknowledges that more work needs to be done (Somander, 2015). One significant way the ability to obtain quality care has been impacted is through the removal of pre-existing condition exclusions. Patients with coverage†¦show more content†¦One that requires the cooperation of government, insurance companies, hospitals, and individual doctors. Finally, the impact of the ACA on the cost of the health care system will be evaluated. Overall, health care spending in the U.S. has continued to grow but at a much slower rate. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reported that health care spending grew at the lowest rate ever recorded (Hartman, Martin, Lassman, Catlin, 2014). This was in part due to the ACA. Other factors included slow economic growth and increases in private health insurance spending. Additionally, a greater number of high-deductible insurance plans and an increase in the share of health costs for which the patient is responsible have also increased. It is also possible that people not accessing health care is a factor, in addition to cost controls (Fernandez as cited in Ungar O’Donnell, 2014). There is also the possibility that spending will grow faster as the economy continues to improve (Ungar O’Donnell, 2014). The growth of health spending has slowed, however the impact of the ACA o n this is unclear. According the the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the law is at least in part responsible for this. However, faster growth may return as the economy grows. The evidence is clearest that the ACA has improved access as far as it has increased the number of Americans with health insurance. As far as the other

Music BTEC working in the music industry roadies Essay Example For Students

Music BTEC working in the music industry roadies Essay Qualifications required: It is not required to have any formal qualifications to work as a roadie, but experience ND qualifications in electronics, electrical work, sound production, music technology or lighting will be favorably looked upon, as well as being beneficial to you. A driving license is not always required but can also be helpful. You need to be fit and active with no injuries that will affect your ability to lift heavy objects and move equipment. Job requirements: lifting and carrying equipment and sets to and from the venue loading and unloading vans driving to and from venues security for equipment and band members (keeping fans away during unloading ND loading) setting up and looking after sound equipment setting up video equipment and screens (if applicable to the venue) rigging up wiring and lighting setting up pyrotechnics and light displays (if applicable to venue and/or show) Tuning the instruments before and during the show. Setting up instruments and PA system on stage Hours of work: Early evening to late night/early morning on days of shows Up to 7 days a week during touring periods There are often rest days between shows and long breaks between tours Income Full time, basic Roadies can earn around EYE,OHO per year

Philosophy The Republic and Ion Projects

Question: Discuss about the Philosophy for the Republic and Ion Projects. Answer: Introduction Plato, mostly in his book The Republic and Ion projects a very strict picture of drama and theater. Plato talks about rejecting poets and dramatists. Plato says that theater is destructive for the young minds as it is derived out of emotion and feelings. It creates a distraction. Since a drama does not portray the truth, it perpetuates lies. Moreover, the theater is hubris as dramatists disrespect gods and portray them in an immoral way. Plato laid his emphasis on morality and the moral standards of the Greeks. Plato is completely against the strictures of poetry. In fact, Plato considers poetry and drama as an irrational activity. Poets are mere imitators, and their work is thrice removed from the ultimate reality. A dramatist can never portray the truth as he is unaware of it. Plato says that the audience must learn moralistic attitudes from the theater. Mostly, theater promotes and presents undesirable passions which are unethical. Theatre has no pragmatism and has no educational value (Gentile, 2013). On the other hand, Aristotle says that poetry or drama is mimesis and should be considered an art. According to Aristotle, the fundamental element of human nature is imitation. People learn through imitation, and they take pleasure in doing so. Aristotle, contrasting Platos ideas says that poets or dramatists portray representations of human lives and not the exact life. Theatre is a place where one seeks pleasure. It is not a school where one would teach people morality. Theatre is, in fact, a place where people recognize lives and enjoy the similarities. According to him, the end of drama is not morality but pleasure. Such pleasure derived from drama is superior to other forms of pleasure as it imparts civic morality (Altman, 2012). In the present day, a severe amount of violence is portrayed in film and television. Though it is seen as detrimental to the society, the violence depicted is justified by Aristotle's theory of catharsis. Catharsis means purging or cleansing. Aristotle says that tragic plays arouses catharsis and thus have a purgative effect. Adverse feelings within a person are purged and hence are beneficial for the individual and the society as a whole. Violence in films and television thus provide humans an outlet to purge themselves and kill their emotions related to violence. Violence in the movies and television kills the primal urge in people to kill or indulge in violent activities. Since one cannot vent one's anger on the individuals in society, films, and television provide a platform to vent out one's aggressive emotions and anger (Gentile, 2013). Though people learn from movies, it is not necessary that everyone who watches violent cinema becomes violence. This can be compared to the ana logy of smoking. Smoking kills and causes cancer. But not every person who smokes suffers from cancer or is killed. Similarly, watching violent films may be detrimental for some, but not for everyone. It depends on the person who is watching it. An overdose of both cigarette and violent movies may prove to be fatal. References Altman, W. H. (2012). Plato the Teacher: the Crisis of the Republic. Gentile, D. A. (2013). Catharsis and media violence: A conceptual analysis.Societies,3(4), 491-510.