Christmas Eve Quotes to Celebrate Christmas

There is something magical about Christmas Eve. The restrained excitement, the easy flow of conversation, and the warmth of the wintry night  bring to mind several memorable Christmas Eves that you celebrated earlier. Churchgoers look forward to the Midnight Mass, a special occasion to seek blessings from God for the year ahead. Christmas Around the World Christmas Eve traditions vary across countries. In France, Christmas is a time to connect with family, exchange gifts with loved ones, and attend the Midnight Mass. Kids put shoes near the fireplace so that Papa Noà «l leaves gifts behind. In Russia, Christmas is celebrated on January 7, as per the Orthodox calendar. Russians celebrate Christmas by having a family dinner and meeting up with friends and family. Christmas in Italy is one long celebration, starting from December 24, that is Christmas Eve, going right up to January 6, the Epiphany. Nativity scenes, Christmas lights and decorations, traditional costumes, and feasting dominate the scene. Most families have their own special Christmas Eve traditions. While each family prides itself in creating its own traditions, many of the observances are common among families. Traditions on Christmas Eve The Midnight Mass is a common tradition in most Catholic families. People head to their church for a special prayer service. There are many traditions surrounding the Christmas tree, Christmas decorations,  the Yule log, the Mistletoe, carol singing, and of course, Christmas stockings. Let us not forget ​Santa Claus, who adds his own charm to the spirit of Christmas. Abundant  stories and legends about Santa Claus have kept the myth alive, creating a world of magic in the eyes of little children. Santa Claus is not just a giver of gifts, he epitomizes hope and joy that is so integral to Christmas celebration. Famous Quotes About Christmas Enjoy these Christmas Eve quotes with your loved ones. Charles Dickens Happy, happy Christmas, that can win us back to the delusions of our childhood days, recall to the old man the pleasures of his youth, and transport the traveler back to his own fireside and quiet home! Bill McKibben There is no ideal Christmas; only the one Christmas you decide to make as a reflection of your values, desires, affections, traditions. Norman Vincent Peale I truly believe that if we keep telling the Christmas story, singing the Christmas songs, and living the Christmas spirit, we can bring joy and happiness and peace to this world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sir Walter Scott Twas Christmas broachd the mightiest ale; Twas Christmas told the merriest tale; A Christmas gambol oft could cheer The poor mans heart through half the year. Alexander Smith Christmas is the day that holds all time together. Helen Steiner Rice Bless us Lord, this Christmas with quietness of mind. Teach us to be patient and always to be kind. Hamilton Wright Mabi Blessed is the season, which engages the whole world in a conspiracy of love. Clement C. Moore, The Night Before Christmas Now, Dasher! now, Dancer! now, Prancer and Vixen! On, Comet! on, Cupid! on, Donner and Blitzen! Mother Goose Christmas is coming, the geese are getting fat, Please to put a penny in an old mans hat; If you havent got a penny a hapenny will do, If you havent got a hapenny, God bless you. Bess Alrich Christmas Eve was a night of song that wrapped itself about you like a shawl. But it warmed more than your body. It warmed your heart†¦ filled it, too, with a melody that would last forever. Ray Evans, Silver Bells Silver bells, silver bells, Its Christmas time in the city. Orson Welles Now Im an old Christmas tree, the roots of which have died. They just come along and while the little needles fall off me replace them with medallions. W. T. Ellis It is Christmas in the heart that puts Christmas in the air.   Alfred, Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam The time draws near the birth of Christ; The moon is hid; the night is still; The Christmas bells from hill to hill Answer each other in the mist. Ada V. Hendricks May you have the gladness of Christmas which is hope; The spirit of Christmas which is peace; The heart of Christmas which is love.

Social Media Marketing Plan Needs 5 Key Elements Essay

Your Social Media Marketing Plan Needs 5 Key Elements By Lori A Manns | Submitted On December 28, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Lori A Manns As with any business strategy, you need a plan for success and social media is no different. In order to effectively utilize social media as a viable marketing strategy for your business you must have a plan in place. Failing to plan is planning to fail says Alan Lakein a well- known author on personal time management. This simple quote applies in business as well. Just as you have a business plan and a marketing plan you need a social media marketing plan. Therefore when you are writing your plan for getting social you need to consider 5 important elements to ensure success. After all, there s nothing worse than spending your time and efforts on something that simply is not useful for your business. Social media can be a very effective tool for small businesses when used the right way. Let s explore the top 5 key elements you need in your social media marketing plan. The Objective: First and foremost you must figure out what your overall goal is for using various communications channels on line. You can useShow MoreRelatedSocial Media As The X Factor Of Your Marketing Plan1084 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media as the X factor of your marketing plan People are more connected than ever before using Social Media. Yet, many companies insist on dealing with Social Media as an extra activity and not as integrating a vital component into the Marketing Plan. 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Six Dimensions of Health Free Essays

Associate Level Material Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet Part 1 For each of the following six dimensions of health, list at least one characteristic, activity, belief, or attitude that reflects that dimension in your life. Provide a brief explanation with each example. Refer to Ch. We will write a custom essay sample on Six Dimensions of Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 in the text for explanations of these dimensions. Physical health: When I am eating right exercising and getting enough rest I am less prone to illness, stress and exhaustion. When I have done these things in my life I find that I function on a daily basis a lot better. With exercise and a healthy diet you release happy endorphins which minimize stress and allow me to focus and complete task effectively. Social health: Social health reminds me of what we learned about social and academic writing, I have found they have a lot of similarities. The ones that I have noticed is that you need to be able to maintain a certain level of professionalism when interacting with certain people. , work staff and clients. There are certain conversations and behaviors that are not acceptable with everyone. My personal relationships with my friends and family allow me to vent about the work place or to seek personal advice that I could not get ask for in my work environment. Intellectual health: it allows me to review what has happened in the past and make a reasonable assumption of what will happen in the future. For instance, I have found that when I hire people that are in the business for 20 years they are not interested in following most likely not to follow the structure of the company; as if you hire a new person fresh they do not have any other experience. So there for I like to hire new people out of school because they can be molded to the SportClips way. Environmental health: Keeping a clean environment and not doing things that are detrimental to the environment. I do my part by doing things such as not using harsh chemicals in my daily life and recycling. Maintaining a health work environment for the people in interact with on a daily basis. Emotional health: To me this refers to my job and my daily life, at times I am extremely overwhelmed and I have to remember not to displace my frustrations or emotions in the wrong place. A lot of times when I get overwhelmed I get very irritable and and become discourages depending on the situation. Spiritual health: I think this is a combination of things that are backed by your faith system and religious beliefs. I was raised in a christian household and I think that these things have taught me to follow a certain value system. Your faith system should teach you to be a better person and live by a certain moral code on how you treat yourself and others. Part 2 In approximately 125 to 200 words, describe health and wellness in your own words using the ideas and concepts for each of the six dimensions of health. In my opinion health and wellness means to take care of yourself and each of these plays a major part in that. Physical health has to do with your body, ability to fight off disease. Social has to do with your ability to successfully maintain appropriate relationships. Intellectual refers to critical thinking and your ability to analyze certain situations. Emotional has to do with how you properly express emotions. Environmental has to do with your respect for the environment around you and helping to protect it. Spirituality has to do with your values system based on your religious beliefs. How to cite Six Dimensions of Health, Essay examples

Creating value Through Business Model Innovation MIT Sloan Management

Question: Describe aboiut the Creating value Through Business Model Innovation for MIT Sloan Management? Answer: Introduction Branding is a concept, which extends far beyond the marketing of brand name. Brand is used in businesses, marketing of products and the process of advertisements. Branding involves the process of creating a unique name and identity of a product or service in the mind of the customer. Brand management is the continuation of this process, maintaining the brand name. This involves a number of strategic implementation by the company for sustaining the brand image. This study involves the discussion of strategic brand management process for analyzing the brand and an overview of the customer based brand equity model. Later part of the study will involve the brand strategies used by a brand. For getting a better understanding, the researcher has taken Apple Inc. as a case study. Analysis of brand using MIT strategic Brand process Model Strategic brand management process involves four steps, which are: Identifying and establishing of the brand positioning this involves the act of designing the company's offer and image so that it occupies a distinct and value place in the mind of the target customer. The key concepts are the points of difference, which convinces the user about the positive features of the product and how it is superior to the competition product. The mental map that is responsible for the visual depiction of the various associations linked to the brand in the minds of the consumers. The core brand associations is the subset of associations, which are both benefits, and attributes which is characterizes the brand, and the brand mantra, which is the essence of the brand. Planning and implementation of brand marketing programs with the key concepts of choosing the elements of the brand like the different brand elements logos, images, packaging, symbols, slogans etc. different elements have different advantages. Integration of the brand into the activities of marketing and supporting the marketing program, these make the biggest contribution and can create strong, favourable and unique brand associations in a variety of ways. Leveraging the secondary associations, like when the brands are linked with source such as countries, characters, sporting or the cultural events etc. In essence, leveraging the other associations for the brand for creating some associations of the brand's own equity and some for the marketers as well Measurement and interpretation of the brand performance, which includes the brand audit, for the assessment of the source of equity of the brand and for suggesting ways to improve and leverage it. The brand value chain helps in the better understanding of the financial impacts of the brand marketing investments and expenditures. Brand equity measuring system includes a set of tools and procedures, which help the marketers in taking any tactical decision for a short rum for on long-term basis (Worm and Stefan, 2012). Growing and the sustaining of the brand equity defines the brand strategy that captures the branding relationship between the various products or services offered by the firm using the tools of brand-product matrix, brand hierarchy and brand portfolio. Managing of the brand equity over the time requires taking a long-term view as well as a short-term view of the marketing decisions as they will affect the success of future marketing programs. Managing the brand equity over the different geographical boundaries, segments of the market and different cultures, requires the international factors to be taken into account along with different type of the consumers. And the specific knowledge about the experience and the behaviours of the new geographies or market segments when expanding the brand overseas or into new market segments (Uggla and Henrik, 2014). Analysis of advantages of stronger brands over weaker brands using Customer Based Brand Equity model A customer based equity model includes the establishing of proper brand identity, which is setting up the breadth and the width of brand awareness. This creates an appropriate meaning of the brand with the help of strong, unique and favourable brand associations and also elicits accessible and positive responses for the brand (Starcevic and Sladjana, 2013). Finally, this model forges the brand relationships with the customers that can be characterized by intense and active loyalty. Figure 1: Customer based brand equity model (Source: Schmitt, 2012) Step 1 Salience (who are you) involves the creation of brand awareness, the brands needs to stand out and is recognized by the customers. Brand perceptions needs to be correct in the mind. Step 2 is the brand meaning (what are you). Here identification of the brand and communicating it is done. What the brand is all about. Performance and imagery are the building blocks. Step 3 (what do I think or feel about you) is the response from the customers after they have made a perception about the brand. The response will be based on judgements and feelings. As per (Schmidt et al. 2014), the response can be bad and can be good as well. Customers judge the brand on the quality, credibility, consideration and superiority of the brand. How the brand makes them feel is another crucial factor. Whether they feel warmth, fun, secure, excited, all of it varies. Step 4 includes the brand resonance (how much connection would I like to have with you). It is the most difficult and the most desirable le vel. Brand resonance is achieved when the customer feel a deep psychological bonding with the brand. The strong brand have rich consumer awareness, the users are well aware of the brand, and keep themselves updated about it in contrast to the weak brands which have poor consumer awareness (Ren et al.2013). Proper brand awareness opens up more scope of expansion and maximizes brand equity, which is important for the financial benefit of the company. The brand Apple leverages its brand equity for charging premium charges for its products. Products of Apple like the iPhone, iPad, iPod create sufficient value for the companies which include brand value in the balance sheets as an asset. Weak brand names provide very little or no brand equity and in turn confer no value added onto a product or service. The strong brands enjoy repeated sales in comparison to the weak brands, which mean the customer is loyal to the brand. Apple have got a strong brand name which entices the users to purchase the product time after time. The customers of Apple do not tend to switch brands very easily. It takes money time and resources for the creation of a strong brand name, and this area is not be plunged on by any organisation. The brand equity and customer franchise of Apple Inc is very strong, like the preference of Apple among the Mac community has kept the brand alive all over these years and enable the company to sustain its prices, which is at a premium to the customers (Punyatoya and Plavini, 2014). Apple Inc branding strategies The brand appeal of Apple products lie in the unique features that can be considered as its unique selling proposition. The sustainability of any brand in the market is hugely dependent on how much brand appeal does the product has (Musekiwa, et al. 2013). The constantly growing competitive market demands to build a strong bond with the users. Brand appeal by Apple can be done on rational basis or taking the emotional point of view. Rational Approach by Apple would include convincing the users based on the features of the device. When it come to investing money, a lot of thinking process comes into play, which most importantly includes getting value for money. Emotional appeal is taken into consideration when the user is attracted to the brand due to emotional reasons (Mamula, 2012). Apart from the long term, faith on the brand, the marketing and advertisement for promoting the product also has impact on the buyers significantly. However, the brand strategy mainly focuses on the customer's emotions, as the brand personality of Apple is all about lifestyle, imagination, innovation, aspirations, and providing power to the users by the means of technology. Apple have the power of employee engagement, where the workers are not mere users but also Apple enthusiasts. The company have a singularly powerful store strategy, where they own and operate more than 434 stores in 16 countries (Liu et al. 2013). Apple Inc considers its mission carefully, and beyond just making money. It pays special attention to the employee engagement around the brand's values, and constantly focuses on innovation of the product. The brand strives to control the chain of communications as much as possible along with the channel of distribution. Figure 2: Maximum portfolio value (Source: Hanna, 2012) The blue ocean strategy implementation by Apple has allowed it to reconstruct the boundaries of the market, and focus on the bigger picture rather than just the numbers. Apple implemented the strategy for the iTunes for making it more preferable application software for the users. This strategy was unique, as the success of the iTunes would feed into other hot product by the same company like the iPod. As it is a more design driven organisation, it puts the customers at the centre of the product innovation, which creates the need of the product, and Apple exploits the newly created market share getting an edge over its competitors (Gabrielli, 2012). The brand portfolio for Apple is the effective creation, development and the management of brand assets in accordance to the simultaneous top and bottom line growth, the maximum portfolio value can be attained by accessing the new market as well as the customers like FedEx, efficiency in the investment like ups, strengthening customer rel ationships like GE or uncovering the latent brand potential like Apple Inc. Figure 3: portfolio of Apple Inc (Source: Fayrene, 2011 ) Equity engine and importance of customer feedback An equity engine is a modelling technique, which is used for measuring the strength of a brand in the term of its emotional as well as functional benefits as perceived by the customer. It performs the evaluation and measurement of how individual user perceives the three main drivers of a brand value namely the affinity, performance and the price (Clatworthy, 2012). The Affinity involves the consumer's emotional relationship with the brand, which is most difficult to measure like the trust afforded by Apple and the prestige associated with its products. Performance is measured using the attributes regarding the functions, which are specific to the market (Radon, 2012). Like for Apple the product features, how much user friendly it is. A qualitative research is used for carrying out the separation of the mentioned attributes. Finally the price factor and the perception of the customer regarding it Customer feedbacks have got a vital role in making a brand and retaining it. It helps in the improvement of the product of service. In view of Zott and Pearson, (2012), a customer is the biggest critic of a product, so listening to them is the only way to guarantee the creation of a product or service that they actually want. The most innovative companies create a product that meet their customer needs and exceeds their expectation like Apple Inc. Customer feedback offers the best way to measure customer satisfaction, which helps in determining whether the product is meeting the expectation of the customer or not. It also provides actionable insight for creation a better customer experience, which involves getting directly in touch with them and gives them a personalized experience. Customer feedback is crucial for retaining a customer, as it offers a line of communication with them so that it can determine if they are not happy with the product (Allaway et al.2011). It also delivers tangible data which can be utilized for making a better business decisions and can be also used to identify the customer advocates. These customers will give high scores and will recommend the product to others as well. Conclusion The study includes the discussion about brand management process of a Apple, along with a detailed explanation of the various branding strategies implemented by Apple Inc. The customer brand equity model helps in the understanding of importance of stronger brand over the weaker one in context to Apple. The study also explains the importance of customer feedback. References Allaway et al. 'Customer Based Brand Equity, Equity Drivers, And Customer Loyalty In The Supermarket Industry'. Jnl of Product Brand Mgt 20.3 (2011): 190-204. Web. Zott, C., and Pearson, A. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53. AR, Radon. 'Unintended Brand Endorsers Impact On Luxury Brand Image'. IJMS 4.1 (2012): n. pag. Web. Clatworthy, S. (2012). Bridging the gap between brand strategy and customer experience.Managing Service Quality: An International Journal,22(2), 108-127 Fayrene Yew-Leh Chieng,. 'Customer-Based Brand Equity: A Study On Interrelationship Among The Brand Equity Dimension '. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 5.30 (2011): n. pag. Web. Gabrielli, Veronica, Silvia Grappi, and Ilaria Baghi. 'Does Counterfeiting Affect Luxury Customer-Based Brand Equity?'. J Brand Manag 19.7 (2012): 567-580. Web. Hanna, Sonya, and Jennifer Rowley. 'Towards A Strategic Place Brand-Management Model'. Journal of Marketing Management 27.5-6 (2011): 458-476. Web. Liu, Chyong-Ru, Han-Kuei Liu, and Wei-Rong Lin. 'Constructing Customer-Based Museums Brand Equity Model: The Mediating Role Of Brand Value'. International Journal of Tourism Research 17.3 (2013): 229-238. Web. Mamula and Tatjana. 'Role Of Marketing Metrics In Strategic Brand Management'. Marketing 43.1 (2012): 49-61. Web. Musekiwa, Albert, Douglas Chiguvi, and Hope Hogo. 'Customer Based Retail Brand Equity (RBE) Dimensions Effect On Retail Brand Equity. IJBM 8.19 (2013): n. pag. Web. OpenCourseWare, MIT. 'MIT Opencourseware | Free Online Course Materials'. Ocw.mit.edu. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 May 2015. Punyatoya and Plavini. 'Evaluation Of Branding Strategies For Global Versus Local Brand: The Role Of Concept Consistency'. International Journal of Business Excellence 7.1 (2014): 112. Web. Ren, Carina, and Szilvia Gyimthy. 'Transforming And Contesting Nation Branding Strategies'. Place branding 9.1 (2013): 17-29. Web. Schmidt, Holger, and Carsten Baumgarth. 'Introducing A Conceptual Model Of Brand Orientation Within The Context Of Social Entrepreneurial Businesses'. International Journal of Strategic Innovative Marketing (2014): n. pag. Web. Schmitt, B. (2012). The consumer psychology of brands.Journal of Consumer Psychology,22(1), 7-17. Starcevic and Sladjana. 'Research Of Brand Personality Concept In Marketing'. Marketing 44.2 (2013): 149-172. Web. Technology, Massachusetts. 'The New Business Of Innovation | MIT Sloan Management Review'. MIT Sloan Management Review. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 May 2015. Uggla and Henrik. 'Make Or Buy The Brand: Strategic Direction Of Brand Management'. Strategic Direction 30.3 (2014): 1-3. Web. Worm and Stefan. Branded Component Strategies. Wiesbaden: Gabler Research, 2012. Print.

The Beginning Of Human Flight Essays - Aviation, Aeronautics

The Beginning Of Human Flight The Beginning of Human Flight The Wright Brothers were interested in flying since their childhood. Bishop Wright, their father, gave them a toy helicopter when they were young and ever since they have been interested in aviation. The Wright Brothers are famous for their invention of the airplane, or the flying machine as it was called then. The first flight of the plane occurred on December 17, 1903. This was just the turn of the century, yet the Wright Brothers invented something that would last forever. This was in fact the case. This flight would spark a race of technology that has taken us from into the air to flying into space. This also launched the aviation and the space age. The airplane is a major role in the world. The plane made traveling overseas easier and quicker. The plane was a useful tool in both of the World Wars. The airplane was a major part of the weapon and attacking strategy for all the countries with this technology. They say the Wright Brothers borrowed ideas of others in order to reach their goal. It doesnt matter because they accomplished their desire to fly. Today aircraft are truly monsters compared to the Wright Flyer. The invention of the plane changed the world as we know it. It erased miles and brought people closer together, and uniting and diversifying the world as we know it. It went from novel toy for the daring to a tool of destruction. It brings life saving food, medical supplies, and clothing to those in need. It can carry us to any point on the globe and bring us back. The Wright Brothers had a dream and the made it happen. No matter how many times they were told no it wouldnt work, they kept going and climbing to be the best and to fly. The research on the Wright Brothers was conducted mostly at Joyner Library. Also some of the information was obtained from the Internet. Joyner Library had most all the information on the Wright Brothers there is. Newspaper from the 1903 on microfilm were read to see the first hand accounts from that time. Books were read to get the second hand accounts. The picture from the Internet were very important on creating the exhibit. The exhibit was created by showing the things that evolved and the changes that occurred by the invention of the plane. History Essays

Free Essays on Escalating Oil Prices And The Global Economy

With the current rise in oil prices, many Americans have asked, â€Å"What is happening?† In order to fully understand the current situation and how it is affecting the global economy one must look at a variety of factors including: the history of oil crisis in the United States, causes of the current situation, and possible outcomes for the future. Many people are researching to come up with the best solution for this problem. The escalating price of oil has become more severe and is beginning to reflect oil crisis of the past. The current crude oil price spike began early in 1999 due to a variety of factors. Struggle in the Middle East along with minimal policy changes from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the U.S. Government has kept prices high to this very day. It is very important to understand the history of our Country’s oil situation before looking at the current oil situation. Through the years between 1970 and 2004, the price of oil has risen and fallen in often-drastic amounts. It is these price fluctuations in crude oil that has caused fuel prices to vary and the economy of the United States to be volatile. There have been several changes in oil prices that have occurred in the past twenty four years. These dramatic shifts are helpful to look at because of their impact upon the economy and the oil industry. During this time period there are many major shifts in oil price that can be linked to specific events in world history (Miller, 1998). First, the Arab oil embargo of 1973 caused a widespread oil crisis and brought crude oil from three dollars a barrel to a staggering twelve dollars a barrel. Second, the 1979 Iranian revolution caused another crisis that brought crude oil prices to an all time high of thirty-six dollars per barrel. The third major shift occurred in 1991 due to the Persian Gulf War (Miller, 199 8). The events of September 11th, the Iraq war and the manhunt for Osama Bin Laden... Free Essays on Escalating Oil Prices And The Global Economy Free Essays on Escalating Oil Prices And The Global Economy With the current rise in oil prices, many Americans have asked, â€Å"What is happening?† In order to fully understand the current situation and how it is affecting the global economy one must look at a variety of factors including: the history of oil crisis in the United States, causes of the current situation, and possible outcomes for the future. Many people are researching to come up with the best solution for this problem. The escalating price of oil has become more severe and is beginning to reflect oil crisis of the past. The current crude oil price spike began early in 1999 due to a variety of factors. Struggle in the Middle East along with minimal policy changes from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the U.S. Government has kept prices high to this very day. It is very important to understand the history of our Country’s oil situation before looking at the current oil situation. Through the years between 1970 and 2004, the price of oil has risen and fallen in often-drastic amounts. It is these price fluctuations in crude oil that has caused fuel prices to vary and the economy of the United States to be volatile. There have been several changes in oil prices that have occurred in the past twenty four years. These dramatic shifts are helpful to look at because of their impact upon the economy and the oil industry. During this time period there are many major shifts in oil price that can be linked to specific events in world history (Miller, 1998). First, the Arab oil embargo of 1973 caused a widespread oil crisis and brought crude oil from three dollars a barrel to a staggering twelve dollars a barrel. Second, the 1979 Iranian revolution caused another crisis that brought crude oil prices to an all time high of thirty-six dollars per barrel. The third major shift occurred in 1991 due to the Persian Gulf War (Miller, 199 8). The events of September 11th, the Iraq war and the manhunt for Osama Bin Laden...

Advantages Of The Hydraulic Fracturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advantages Of The Hydraulic Fracturing - Essay Example This high-pressure mixture provides for an outward path for the gas and oil (DECC). Hydraulic fracturing has many advantages. The most significant advantage is that greater quantities of fossil fuels can be produced through this method. This provides for an economic benefit which can be understood by the reduction in the gas price in the United States due to increased production. It also provides for accessibility and production from oil and gas reserves which could otherwise not be utilized. The United States and Canada have achieved the maximal benefit and they can rely upon gas production through fracking for the next hundred years. Another added benefit of this technique is that it allows the generation of electricity through the natural gas. This is beneficial to the environment because the electrical energy produced from natural gas results in the release of half the amount of carbon dioxide in comparison to the electricity produced from coal. Furthermore, hydraulic fracturing has provided for an economic boost to the areas where this process is carried out. I t provides for employment opportunities for the local people (DECC; Koch). Despite the benefits of hydraulic fracturing, many concerns have been raised regarding the usage of this technique. It is argued that a very large quantity of water is required at the site of hydraulic fracturing which incurs environmental costs. Also, the water which is blasted into the rock layer contains various chemicals. These chemicals seep into ground water and pollute it affecting the quality of water available in the local area for the residents. Another environmental problem posed by fracking is that it can lead to earthquakes of low magnitudes. The last negative aspect cited by environmentalists is that hydraulic fracturing diverts the government and its agencies from spending on energy sources that are renewable and do not pollute the environment.

Promotion of peace through international institutions Research Paper

Promotion of peace through international institutions - Research Paper Example The ability of international institutions to become active participants in the promotion of peace is mainly based on the fact that most of their work is conducted globally. In addition, because of their activities, it is normal for international institutions to develop relationships with the various governments and peoples with whom they work and this helps in a big way to promote the interests of peace across the globe (Hafner-Burton and Ron 360). Most international organizations receive massive funding from philanthropists, governments, and other well wishers and this funding is normally provided as a means of developing projects, especially in conflict prone areas, which will ensure the promotion of peace. Global peace is one of the most sought after objectives among a majority of the world population, but while this may be the case, it has become extremely difficult to achieve it without the help of international institutions. Most of the projects which have been designed to prom ote peace are more often than not run by international institutions because it is they which have the ability to reach areas across the world that require their services. Thus, international organizations are indispensable in the promotion of world peace and it is because of their existence that the majority of the world has achieved the peace it enjoys today. While many international organizations declare that their activities contribute to the wellbeing of the people and the achievement of the development goals of developing countries as well as peace, their level of success has yet to be seen in some instances. The economies of the countries, where these organizations conduct their activities, have substantially benefitted from the added contributions to peace that they have received as a result (Moli 40). The activities of international institutions that help to promote peace include their employees staying at the local hotels, buying souvenirs, and doing whatever else that the

Locke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Locke - Essay Example Without getting consent from the original owner, at this point, no one can possess the resources (Locke 35). Accordingly, all individuals must labor to acquire property. In addition, the property must personally benefit the individual for it to be considered individual property. Labor that the individual cannot use can be traded in for money, which can later be re-traded for property. Locke contrasts gaining of possession through actions both natural and unnatural. The major difference between the two processes is whether the property that one sought for ownership had a previous owner or still lay within the common ownership domain. People who want to acquire property that already belongs to other individuals do not apply labor to own the property (Locke 40). Instead, they are out to own what someone else has already applied his/her labor to with nothing, such as money, in return. While it can be argued that any individual taking ownership of anything should first seek out others to ask their permission if the community owned it, Locke deemed this approach impractical. He compares it to requiring permission from everyone in sight before eating an apple one has found fallen by the roadside (Locke 41). Similarly, if an individual takes ownership of property and leaves more of the same for other people to own and enjoy, no property usurpation can be claimed to have gone on. This should be considered as an action of natural occurrence. However, Locke does caution on how natural private property can be, arguing that the individual should only take as much as is required for personal and family enjoyment (Locke 45). In addition, the property must be only enough for enjoyment without it going bad in the process. For instance, it is not natural in his view to hoard what can perish. While this is true, it is not unnatural for an individual to own or gather more than is enough for personal consumption if the excess is further traded for the purpose of attaining what one does not own or produce. Since labor endows private property with its naturalness, an individual cannot claim property simply for owning it. The individual is required to labor on the land. Therefore, any individual can lose ownership of their property if there is no application of labor (Locke 46). This is because, in that state, the property is not of benefit to them or anyone else. From a cursory reading of Locke, one could assume that he proposes that it is right for a person to put up boundaries on national parks and apply labor to it, allowing the property to become his/her private property. However, deeper reading counters this interpretation by showing that, at this point, there is there is an overlap of divine law and human law. While nature allows man to use earth as he sees best for convenience and self-sustenance, man is not necessarily the determinant of how individuals will use the land (Locke 50). For this reason, people come together to create social bodies and juris dictions such as towns and villages, which determine the best way to benefit collectively from the resources. Sometimes, these jurisdictions may determine that some land will be left out of individual hands and be in common ownership. Attempting to own the property individually would cause a decrease in its usefulness to the community that possesses the land together.

Introduction Of The Smartphone

Introduction Of The Smartphone The first ever cell phone was invented by Martin Cooper on April 3rd, 1973, that was only for two pounds. The height of that phone was 10 inches, depth 3 inches and the width an inch and a half (Motorcity, 2003). At that time it was the only way to communicate with each other. And at that time it was not available to the general population and it was used for the first time only businesses and government. In 1992, the first Smartphone invented by IBM, known as a Simon Smartphone. This was a big breakthrough in the field of technology and for the requirements of people. Because people want to connect with each other with in a small period of time. It becomes possible to send messages and sending email to each other with the help of Smartphone. To understand that one technological device could change culture of customer, style of living and the whole society. After the invention of Smartphone a sudden change came into being in the human life and finds the way to go ahead in the field of technology. It is not possible to find anyone without smart phone. The smart phone is very essential device because of this you can talk to your clients, family members and colleagues. In other words a smart phone is also known as Personal Computer (PC) with advanced capabilities and functionality. The Importance of Smartphone When discussing the topic of new media the importance of networks are very essential. With the help of networks the whole world is connected with each other. And this is the easiest way to connect with your family members, friends and clients. When someone is going to purchase a cell phone he will think about the service of his area, the size of the phone, about the price of the phone then you have to make a decision to purchase a phone. If consumer purchases a smartphone he will be very happy with the functions of smartphone than any other in the market. IT professionals are tasked with developing more applications for smartphones as worldwide consumption continues to grow in 2010 and beyond. When technology professionals design web-based and computer-based applications, they should consider compatibility with smartphones and other mobile devices. Many webmasters already create web content with mobile users in mind. For example, the Internet giant Yahoo! offers a Mobile Web for phones like the Blackberry and iPhone. Role of Social Media Social media is playing a vital role in the success of martphones, because of social media its possible to share data, videos, pictures, and other tasks. Facebook, Twitter and MySpace are the example of social media. Social media and smartphones means to connect more and more people online even on mobile. Operating System of Smartphone In 2010 the market of smartphone operating system changed. For customer and businessmen the impoetance of smartphone is very essential. Because without smartphone its not possible to keep in cotact with each other, with clients and with family members and friends. Key features of Smartphone: Wi-Fi With the help of this feature you can connect wireless internet connection. Using Wi-Fi the speed of internet will be very high. Push Notification By push notification we mean that you can receive messages, emails and you do not need to log in to check your account. Social Networking Social Networking means those websites such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter by which we can communicate with each other individually and as well as groups and also can share photos, videos and album. QWERTY Keyboard QWERTY keyboard is the layout and this keyboard allows you to search and browse the internet and send emails and text. One may see a smartphone as one that offers a complete keyboard with internet and email functionality, and some may only view a smart phone as a phone with a full operating system (OS) and applications. A smartphone is a full-featured mobile phone that comes equipped with the personal computer like functionality. So it is the most efficient way of being mobile and carrying your office with you. Most of these phonescome with a camera that supports email capabilities and serves as a complete personal organizer. This is true that the smartphones are the helping hand of the several businessmens. Because of the technological features of mobile phones these are called smart phone. In these days smartphone is a basic demand of every businessman and company. By latest technology it includes to share his idea with their partners and colleagues. With the help of smart phone we can watch live match if you are somewhere else it does not matter, breaking news. We can get help from smart phone like human bodies. In next five years change will take place suddenly in smartphones. If we study last few years about phones we will understand that how quickly changes occurred from time to time, therefore in next few years the improvement in technology will take place. PC Replacements The basic change in smartphones in next few years will occur that it starts working like laptops. It means that in future those people who have smartphones they do not need to buy laptops and personal computers. So smartphones will replace PC in next five years. Joined Devices After long time finally its become possible to connect devices with each other like bluetooth in PC and in laptop can connect with smart phones. In next few years it will be possible to know about you that now where are you and what do you want to do because of smart phones. Smart phones will become a single device in next few years yes it is true because the smart phones are moving in a straight forward direction. There are alot of confusion because of the variety of mobiles phone and competency. If you want to have a great mobile than smartphone is the best choice among all. Smartphone is much better than any other mobile phone. If you have smartphone you can move your office with where you want so than you do not need to buy personal computer or laptop because in smartphone there is an operating system like personal computer and laptop, so nowadays most of smartphones are with their camera. Top ten Smartphone iPhone 3GS The iPhone 3GS continues to bring together three incredible products in one A revolutionary phone, a widescreen iPod and a breakthrough Internet device with full web browsing and easy e-mail access. HTC Desire HTC have yet again outdone themselves with another superb smartphone, this time in the form of the HTC Desire! Powered by a monstrous 1GHz Snapdragon processor and displayed through a stunning AMOLED 3.7 inch full touchscreen. Samsung Wave The Samsung Wave mobile phone allows for a brighter, clearer and less reflective view with the Super AMOLED 3.3 inch wide display touchscreen. BlackBerry 9700 The BlackBerry 9700 is jam-packed with all the very best Blackberry features including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, HSDPA, full QWERTY keyboard, 3G technology and Push e-mail! BlackBerry 8520 Smart, sleek and classy the Blackberry 8520 Curve is here to entertain, organise and communicate. Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 The first Android mobile phone from Sony Ericsson, the Xperia X10, has a stunning 4 inch touchscreen, 1GHz Snapdragon processor and truly next generation features, such as Timescape and Mediascape. Sony EricssonVivaz The Sony Ericsson Vivaz mobile phone is here to deliver high performance, responsive touch control, multimedia, entertainment and connectivity, just how you want it. Memory Cards You can greatly improve the memory of your Smartphone by purchasing a memory card. This allows you to save and store more applications, music, photos, videos and more. Your Smartphone can become a multimedia entertainment centre! The best thing is, you can pick the size (or capacity) of the memory card to suit your needs or budget! Nearly all Smartphones are compatible with MicroSD memory cards and our memory cards range from 2GB to 8GB. Screen Protectors Protect the most expensive part of your smartphone the display, with a screen protector. This essential purchase is cheap but crucial and will greatly improve the protection from chips and scratches on your Smartphones screen. Screen protectors are extremely easy to attach to your Smartphones, and once fixed in place, are virtually unnoticeable. Bluetooth Headsets With a Bluetooth headset you can make and take calls on the move, wherever you are and keep your hands free! Using the Bluetooth connection on your Smartphone, a Bluetooth headset will allow you to talk without needing to hold your phone. This means your Smartphone can be safely stored in your laptop, purse, bag or pocket! Summary Smartphones are playing very vital role in the world. Without smartphines it is not possible to connect with each other even with members of the same organisation. So it is very clear if you have smartphone then it does not matter you can contact with relatives, friends, clients. And you can move your office any where in the world. As discussed above that smartphones have operating system so then you do not need to buy personal computer and laptop. Because the smartphone gives you that work which personal computer and laptop do. In next five years amazing change will occure in smartphones by the improvement of technology. Smartphone will replace personal computer because it has the complete keyboard and many other functions which personal computer has. So it is true that within the next few years smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Role of E-commerce in Ebays and Amazons popularity E-commerce is playing very vital role in the popularity of ebay and amazon. Because it is only possible to buy goods online from ebay and amazon. Without electronic commerce its not possible for ebay and amazon to reach at this top level. By the help of e-commerce everyone can buy things online without any problem. So it means that without e-commerce ebay and amazon can not acheive the goals and objectives. E-commerce or electronic commerce means purchasing and selling of goods and services and exchanges on the Internet. On Internet with a big success of ecommerce commonly we can say that it is shopping at World Wide Web. Simply we can say that when we do online shopping it is called ecommerce. Types of E-commerce B2B (Business-to-Business) Business-to-Business means that when company dealing with each other like wholesalers selling to retailers, and manufacturers selling to distributors. In this kind of business customer or client will not be included. B2C (Business-to-Consumer) In this kind of businesses selling is directly to consumer through cart software. C2B (Consumer-to-Business) In C2B business a consumer put his project online and then different organisation study the consumers needs and then try to get that project. And then consumer selects the company that can do the project. C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer) C2C business means that everyone is free to buy and sell from each other by online payment system. Like Amazone and eBay is alive examples of C2C business where alot of transaction take place everyday. Role of 2.0 technologies in Ebays and Amazons popularity Web 2.0 was introduced in 2004 and know as the second generation of the World Wide Web. It does not relate to a particular type of Web. Examples of 2.0 are listed below: Blogs: Blogs means that users can post and upgrade their profile of life on the Web. Wikis: It enables the users from the whole world to update and add online content. Social networking: MySpace and Facebook are the present examples by which people can interact with their friends and update their own profile. Web application: By the help of variety of new applications users can run programs directly in a browser. 1. Making money Of course. Since the first data-scraping and sniping tools well, wait, make that since eBay first opened its APIs to developers, the eBay development ecosystem has grown with the volume of eBay transactions. eBay sellers sold $60B last year, and the 80,000 developers who helped sellers research, list, and service all those transactions also received their cut. 2. Useful technology eBay has some of the greatest technology and data assets on the web. The technology of eBay and PayPal is useful on a massive scale. PayPal has 70 million users. eBay sees 150 million unique visitors per month, and supports 70 million sellers worldwide. The developer community that provides applications for eBay sellers and buyers uses the eBay APIs to drive as much as 60% of eBay transactions. 3. Accessible technology Mark emphasized the importance of mobile applications.The eBay iPhone application is a strong start. It is clear that he believes eBay should make a powerful effort to enable mobile usage. eBay and its third-party developers still need to make some breakthroughs to enable accessibility. 4. Technology adapted to you Today, your cell phone is a communications device, an entertainment center, a mall, and a social network. Tomorrow, it may also be your wallet. Already you can instantly repay a loan to a friend who has a PayPal account. Soon, In-N-Out Burgers may accept PayPal, and you will be able to pay for your burgers at the counter from your cell phone. PayPal is uniquely adaptable for this kind of use, because it is a single global payment network, with end-to-end transaction visibility, good risk protection and fraud detection, integrated with more than 15k banks. PayPal unifies the worlds disparate money systems to enable payments anywhere. The big news in adaptable technology is that the PayPal Developer Program is opening up later in 2009. Third-party developers will use flexible APIs for sending money to create mobile payments applications that will change the way people pay for things. 5. Open platform eBay released a new developer opportunity today.SM Apps lets developers embed seller applications in ebay.com, just as you can embed applications in Facebook. The difference is that with SM Apps developers can make money, charging a one-time fee or using a subscription model for use of their application. Because the SM Apps platform uses the Gadgets specification, applications built for eBay can also operate elsewhere on the web, including on other portal pages. The Selling Manager tool has 270,000 active, paying businesses operating in the U.S. alone. As Mark said, While other platforms are trying to figure out monetization we are set up for you [the developer] to take a cut, and we hope you will. Summary E-commerce and Web 2.0 technologies are the way of popularity of ebay and amazon. Everyone in the world knows about the role of e-commerce and amazon. So in this essay the importance of e-commerce and amazon are discussed in brief. Ebays and amazons popularities are connected with e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies. So it is not possible without e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies that ebay and amazon get popularity. Everyday there are alot of buying and purchasing occurred in daily life and these transaction are increasing day by day, by this we can say that these two are the key factors in the popularity of ebay and amazon.

What’s Under my Bed :: Free Essay Writer

What’s Under my Bed As I cleaned and rearranged my room one day, I slid my bed forward and found my childhood teddy bear. When I first saw him I could not believe I still had him. It looked much different than I remember. It was covered in dirt and grime. It smelled like a dusty, mildew-infested basement. I remembered the bear’s name; his name was Horace. I named him after myself. Horace lay there on my floor; his body stretched out twenty-four inches across my floor. He is wearing my old blue denim Oshkosh overalls. The overalls’ appearance reminds me of pants that had been run through the washer several hundred times. Atop Horace’s head are two half brown, half mocha, orange slice shaped ears. The right ear has an inch slit where a sliver of white thread hangs out. He has a large orange-peach head like a scrap of metal going through the first stages of oxidation. The soft fur on his head is hard and matted on the end where sticky candy used to lie. He has one small half marble, black eye on the right side. On the left side he has a hole where fluffy dirt colored cotton hangs out. The left side also has a dark brown spot; the spot reminds me of a cartoon character with a black eye. Just under the left eye on his puffy, beige-colored cheek he has two dark brown freckles. In between his right eye, and left hole, he has a patch of hair missing, wh ich reveals tightly threaded fish netting holding the stuffing inside. An inch below that is his flat, oval shaped nose. I can see teeth marks made by a teething Child. Horace’s head attaches directly to his torso; there is no neck in between. There is an upside down beige triangle patch of fur top of his chest his chest. His upper body is dark brown, like the patch around his eye. The brown flows out to the outstretched, five-inch arms. It comes to an end at the last two inches of the arms where it changes to an orange-peach color again. His lower section is hidden in the overalls. The left leg of the overalls is cuffed just above the foot.

Reviving the Hemingway in Me

Writing is regarded as one of the fundamental learning skills that every student should learn. When we were in our early years, we are taught of how to write the alphabet. I could still remember the tedious experience of filling the pages of my notebook with the letters. Everyday, different letter is documented in the pages of my notebook. This activity aims to attain the perfection of writing characters adhering on the blue and red lines of my writing notebook. I could also remember when I started practicing the cursive form of writing, involving loops and sloppy curves. At first, my handwriting was illegible, that even I had a hard time reading the papers I wrote. After attaining perfection in recognizing and writing the timeless characters of the alphabet, the time of constructing sentences and simple paragraphs was the next in the line of my learning in my English class. The construction of my sentences includes grammar and syntax. My childhood experience in this aspect includes wrong choice of words and wrong subject-verb agreement, but these things were forgivable as I was a beginner back then. The words I used widen my ever-growing vocabulary and add up to the increasing body of knowledge I hold. As the sadistic education process progresses, the integrated requirements in the curriculum took a notch to the higher level. Subjects became harder and professors require loads of work. Essays have become a common and everyday work in English classes and other subjects. Almost every aspect of school suddenly required writing. My calloused fingers never stops working as I tediously finished all the necessary requirements for my classes. Through this activities that were often unnoticed by the students honed our essential craft in writing. The assignments that our mentors give out serve as practice in developing further what we already know. Determining one’s level of writing has become difficult. Because there are no agreed determinants for the quality of writing. Moreover, writing have different aspects and criteria could never be generalized. Literary writers are very proficient in utilizing adjectives and idiomatic expressions, and have very good writing skills. But they could not be as competent in technical writing or writing research papers and business related texts. In my personal view, my writing skill is average, for there are certain aspects of writing that I ought to learn. I am able to accomplish assigned writing tasks though I am not confident that it would satisfy every person's taste. For writing is subjective or relative, it may be good for one but not to all. I am able to write compositions of different kinds, like literary, formal and technical writing based on the requirements for the text. I can easily adjust my writing style on the needed criteria for the writing assignment. My strong points include the fact that I am well-versed and able to utilize the English language appropriately. I am able to play with words, especially in literary writing which requires the use of adjectives and style. Modesty aside, I could regard myself well in developing a certain topic and including relevant information needed in written work. I am also a wide reader that I think is very essential in writing for reading enables you to include all kinds of relevant information you obtain through research. I am also knowledgeable in the different citation style, like MLA and APA. Though I am not very familiar with the other citation styles, I am very willing to learn this for it will be useful in my study. I am also open to constructive criticisms for the improvement of my writing style. My weaknesses would be on grammar, though this is only minimal errors. But sometimes, I tend to overlook some of my sentences and if I already committed errors in the written work. There are times that my mood affects my writing. Sometimes I tend to manifest my emotion through writing. The way I feel sometimes had an effect on my writing and my desired outcome on my manuscript. Instances like when I suffer melancholic situations, I tend to write about lonely stuffs or even not to write at all. But the positive side of me is I am eager to learn of the things I know nothing or little about. I am very open to criticisms especially when it comes to improving my writing capabilities. I am excited to take on challenges and this includes writing about topics I am not familiar with, for this is regarded as a new experience for me. Taking on subjects on unknown field gives me a wonderful feeling of discovering and learning new things. I am expecting that I will further improve and grow as a writer and I will be able to utilize my talents and skills for great outcomes. I am also expecting to learn new things like techniques that I am able to use in creating wonderful works on my craft. After taking this course, I expected to have that wonderful feeling that I am capable to write like my favorite novelist and develop stories that I could eventually share not only in the class but to others. This is the time that I could proudly say that I finally found the Hemingway in me.

Free Essays on Awakening The Self

Awakening the Self Human consciousness, or â€Å"self,† is shaped by our perception of the experiences that we go through on a day-to-day basis. The social theory of symbolic interactionism clearly defines â€Å"self† as just that; our interaction with others and our environment creates a more active human being (Charon, 2001). Renowned author and neurologist Oliver Sacks found that his patients with encephalitis lethargica were â€Å"awakened† by active social interaction. Whether you look at Oliver Sacks’ patients, the symbolic interactionism theory, or my four month old daughter Sasha, our sense of â€Å"self† is shaped by our interaction with others. When Oliver Sacks just began to practice neurology, he had been taught to treat the problem and go on to the next patient. He quickly realized that there was much more to curing a neurological illness. There is a connection between the body and the â€Å"self† that requires healing on both levels. The two parts, body and self, are correlated in ways that may not have been considered. One patient, a mathematician, came to Dr. Sacks suffering from migraines that kept him from being able to work. Dr. Sacks â€Å"cured† him from the migraines, but the man lost his mathematic creativity in the process. â€Å"Along with the pathology, the creativity disappeared†(Sacks, 1990) Another set of patients that shaped Dr. Sacks ideas were those inflicted with encephalitis lethargica. â€Å"When I came to the hospital, I found some eighty patients who were, for the most part, completely ‘frozen,’ frozen in strange statuesque attitudes-and some of them had been in this state for forty years.†(Sacks, 1990) After experimenting with a new drug called L-DOPA, the patients began to â€Å"awaken† from their frozen state. They could walk, dance, talk just like they had never been frozen. One patient Miron V.(Sacks, 1990) was reunited with his family and allowed to work in the hospital. This ga... Free Essays on Awakening The Self Free Essays on Awakening The Self Awakening the Self Human consciousness, or â€Å"self,† is shaped by our perception of the experiences that we go through on a day-to-day basis. The social theory of symbolic interactionism clearly defines â€Å"self† as just that; our interaction with others and our environment creates a more active human being (Charon, 2001). Renowned author and neurologist Oliver Sacks found that his patients with encephalitis lethargica were â€Å"awakened† by active social interaction. Whether you look at Oliver Sacks’ patients, the symbolic interactionism theory, or my four month old daughter Sasha, our sense of â€Å"self† is shaped by our interaction with others. When Oliver Sacks just began to practice neurology, he had been taught to treat the problem and go on to the next patient. He quickly realized that there was much more to curing a neurological illness. There is a connection between the body and the â€Å"self† that requires healing on both levels. The two parts, body and self, are correlated in ways that may not have been considered. One patient, a mathematician, came to Dr. Sacks suffering from migraines that kept him from being able to work. Dr. Sacks â€Å"cured† him from the migraines, but the man lost his mathematic creativity in the process. â€Å"Along with the pathology, the creativity disappeared†(Sacks, 1990) Another set of patients that shaped Dr. Sacks ideas were those inflicted with encephalitis lethargica. â€Å"When I came to the hospital, I found some eighty patients who were, for the most part, completely ‘frozen,’ frozen in strange statuesque attitudes-and some of them had been in this state for forty years.†(Sacks, 1990) After experimenting with a new drug called L-DOPA, the patients began to â€Å"awaken† from their frozen state. They could walk, dance, talk just like they had never been frozen. One patient Miron V.(Sacks, 1990) was reunited with his family and allowed to work in the hospital. This ga...

Assessing Organizational Culture Essay Example

Assessing Organizational Culture Essay Example Assessing Organizational Culture Paper Assessing Organizational Culture Paper Assessing Organizational Culture When thinking of culture, my mind tends to wander toward far off places only seen on television or on the internet. Culture represents an exotic and sometimes untouchable part of the world that each individual claims depending on their background, ethnicity, race, or family history. When applying culture to the workplace, however, the idea of culture applies, not only to individual persons, but to the way in which we react to one another, perceive one another, and communicate with one another. The culture of an organization is embedded in and expressed by patterns nd habits of communication. (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Jr. , Ganesh 2011) This paper will explain what it means to have culture within organizations as well as the presence of climate and socialization. Organizations adopt habits that work well with its requirements as an organization as well as those who have built the culture of the organization. For example, if the long-standing CEO has created a casual and relaxed atmosphere, others within the organization will adopt the same habits in order to fit the model the CEO is building. We deal with the meanings of things within our ultural system. Staying within a culture creates a certain amount of stability and predictability. Culture in the workplace can be explained easily by the differences in our co-workers and how to adapt to these differences. Differences may originate in family background religion, age, education, occupation, wealth, status, lifestyle, interests, etc. (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Jr. , Ganesh 2011) I will focus on the culture of age for a moment. Recently, I started a new position with a new organization. This position offered everything I was looking for; better pay, excellent benefits, proper se of my skills, and opportunity for advancement. Shortly after orientation, I began meeting those I would be working with. I noticed very quickly that all of my co- workers are from an older generation and I am the minority. In some cases it is fun to have conversations with them regarding our age differences and for them to Jokingly say, What year were you born? I graduated high school that year, my word you are young! , but this can also mean they do not take me as seriously as a protessional. But one time they become a physician. infirmary nurse. surgical technician. etc. they take on a new life and thereby absorb a new civilization into their lives. Subcultures. as defined by organisational theoreticians John new wave Maanen and Stephen Barley. are a subset of an organization’s members who interact on a regular basis with one another. place themselves as a distinguishable group†¦and routinely take action on the footing of corporate apprehensions unique to the group ( Cheney. 2011. 78-79 ) The organisational civilization in a infirmary is based on the premiss that the infirmary is at that place to supply a topographic point for the attention and healing of the ill or injured. Organizational theoretician Mary Jo Hatch puts Forth that there are five ( 5 ) Degrees of Cultural Integration and Differentiation ( Cheney. 77 ) identified as follows: Unitary. Diverse ( Integrated ) . Diverse ( Differentiated ) . Diverse ( Fragmented ) and Disorganized ( Multi-cephalous ) ( Hatch. 1997. 210 ) . A infirmary in its purest signifier would be good represented as a Unitary civilization because the staff as a whole all have the same values or beliefs. But single staff or even medical units may fall into any of the other civilizations identified every bit good. A peculiar unit. i. e. cardiac telemetry floor. may be a Diverse ( Fragmented ) unit due to a group of nurses who do non see their critical undertaking demands in the same manner and as a consequence the degree of patient infections or deceases rises. doing unrest among the staff. supervisors. patient households and ensuing in legal branchings thereby break uping the staff’s solidarity. Social psychologist Edgar Schein formulated a theoretical theoretical account that shows an organization’s civilization is built on three degrees: artefacts. values and norms. and premises and beliefs. Artifacts are normally the most common and seeable mark of a specific civilization. Schein puts Forth that things such as nursing uniforms. nomenclature. surgical protocols and more. really and accurately stand for the basic facets of organization’s civilization. The values and norms facet of his theory. while non ever seeable. can be seen through behaviour of the person or group ; it reveals what is of import to the group and how they treat each other within their organisation. Each facet of the profession may hold an operating process or environment nique to that country of specialisation. but still have the same values and norms for their actions. In a surgical room. sterilisation of the environment is much more of import than it would be in a patient’s room on a medical/surgical floor. but they still have the same belief in maintaining an unfastened lesion every bit clean as possible. While values in the medical profession make non change as a whole. values do specify accepted behaviour and action. Genuine premises and beliefs are nurtured by a individuals or organisations values and norms. Valuess vary merely somewhat in the assorted medical professions and installations. Depending on the medical forte country. operational norms and methods may differ harmonizing to developing precedences. equipment and environment unique to that forte. For case. the hospital in-patient lesion attention squad may hold the same desire to handle a patient’s lesions as a place wellness nursing squad. but the methods of intervention or medicines used may be different. Differences begin to come up when a patient is sent place on a negative force per unit area lesion therapy system. i. e. a lesion V. A. C.  ® . that aids in the healing of lesions via suction ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. kci1. com/KCI1/vactherapy ) . Many place wellness nurses does non cognize how to properly alter the intricate dressing or to the full understand this equipment or the detrimental consequences that can happen if non changed decently. Faulty premises are hence made based on the beliefs of the place wellness nurse of what should be done for the patient. When that happens. jobs arise in this peculiar scenario that could ensue in the patient being brought back to the infirmary for a farther period of hospitalization due to a dislocation of their lesions or even the creative activity of new lesions as a consequence of improper V. A. C.  ® arrangement. The paramount civilization of the medical field is based on the Physician’s Creed of First. make no harm ( writer uncertain but it is based on the Hippocratic Oath which states to abstain from making harm ) . This belief echoes throughout the medical field all over the universe. And while there are single exclusions or exclusions in countries such as carnal research for the improvement of world or the ethical issue of abortion. the credo has gone unchanged since the clip of the ancient Greeks and before. Schein’s three ( 3 ) degrees of artefacts. values and norms. and premises and beliefs. are apparent in every clinical scene. With farther geographic expedition. Hatch’s five ( 5 ) Degrees of Cultural Integration and Differentiation will besides be found. albeit non everyone will be seen on every infirmary floor or unit. Medical installations are a kaleidoscope or a microcosm of many subcultures under the roof of the chief civilization of being a topographic point for the attention and healing of the ill or injured. Without that organisational civilization giving counsel to all of the subcultures involved in this human-centered calling field. the decease rate for minor hurts and diseases would intensify exponentially.

Freedom of Women to choose the right of Abortion Term Paper

Freedom of Women to choose the right of Abortion - Term Paper Example The United States law had legalized the practice of legal abortion since the year 1973. â€Å"Abortion was legalized in 1973 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that during the first trimester, a woman has the right to decide what happens to her body. This landmark decision rested on the "right to privacy" which was introduced in 1965. In addition, the Court ruled that the state could intervene in the second trimester and could ban abortions in the third trimester. However, a central issue, which the Court declined to address, is whether human life begins at conception, at birth, or at some point in between† (Kathy Gill). From the Bible, there are no such terminology referred to as abortion, but there are many verses related to the concept of giving birth and the growth of the fetus in the womb of the woman. God is the sole creator and we admit it. But still the choice of giving birth or not remain the sole decision of the mother even if it is a rebellion against the superior power. From an Islamic point of view, there is belief that killing a child might bring poverty to the family as well as a lack of trust in God and as a failure to raise up a child and providing him with education and all satisfying his basic needs. Again there is no term abortion mentioned in the Holy Quran. In the past, women who needed to have an abortion always had to think harder and ask herself several questions. Is it legal and moral? Will she be punished religiously or legally for such an act? Will the society condemn her for doing it? Are her causes for performing an abortion right and rationalized? In this era, the women are gaining much more rights and now even their ideas have evolved and the answers they give are very challenging. Under the statement of Roe V. Wade in 1973, any woman has the right to abort a fetus, taking control of

The Business Opportunity of XYZ in the UK and Chinese Automobile Essay

The Business Opportunity of XYZ in the UK and Chinese Automobile Sectors - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in relation to the present rapid growth of the United Kingdom and Chinese automobile industries, XYZ is considerably recognized as one of the major companies in terms of producing middle and upper-class vehicles. The organization is considerably playing a crucial role in the UK and China automobile markets in terms of serving vehicles for the middle class and upper-class consumers. The customers in both the UK and Chinese markets desire for quality based world class stylish vehicles. The developed economy of the UK along with increasing population and demand of vehicles can increase the probability of success for the business to a considerable extent. In the similar context, the economic condition of China is further considered to be more stable among the developing nations of the world. Moreover, the business environments of both the markets are considered feasible and appropriate for XYZ to practice its business operations. Therefore , the report intends to significantly analyze the UK and China markets for XYZ automotive company through evaluating the relevant theories and evidence in the market. Moreover, the discussion will also focus on enclosing the automobile market scenario of the UK and China along with different issues concerning national institutional systems and cultural conditions of the nations. In addition, the assessment will further consider trends of trade and investment and consider measures to efficiently deal with possible issues during the investment portfolio that are required to effectively conduct XYZ’s operations in the UK and Chinese automobile markets. Analysis of National and Institutional Systems and Culture Conditions The international business approach encompasses conducting trading activities beyond the national boundaries. The term international business can be defined as the process practiced by an organization while functioning in more than one nation from a single count ry. In contrast, international business further considers expanding business operating units in different regions in order to smoothly conduct business practices. From the perspective of modern international business, it can be recognized that the global organizations are significantly facing different challenges and opportunities with regard to their successful expansion. With this concern, the national and institutional systems regarding trade policies are one of the major prohibitory aspects which can be recognized in the global countries. Therefore, an effective and adequate analysis of the countries can facilitate to obtain suitable solutions for the organizations in terms of conducting business practices in a foreign market.

Currency Options and Their Role in International Trade Essay

Currency Options and Their Role in International Trade - Essay Example In order to deal with the problem of changing market prices, the trader needs to continually evaluate and analyze the functions of the market and the goals of the business enterprise (Stanley 1998). In addition, the business must be in a position to put in place new market rules and to be monitoring the trade trends and its development. In most of the world states, trade has emerged as one of the key sectors of the economy and most of her citizens depend on the trade for their source of living. The growth of the energy markets and the strategies of the energy providers have been the driving force of these trade improvements over the recent years. A number of commodities in the energy sector such as power, gas, carbon dioxide and even the weather have found their way into the trade market in societies. This has led to the improvement of the use of the scarce resources and increased complex organizations, process interfaces and the system infrastructures. The increased demand for data quality has led to most organizations to adopt the need for risk management that reduces the operational costs during the production process and the actual trading exercise (Dell’Ariccia & Marquez 2010). The international trade is finding its way in society and people have actively been involved in the same and this has led to the emergence of new market models such as market coupling are being discussed and this has made it easier for cross-border trading. On the other hand, the international trade implies that different rules and procedures must be followed and this has led to a change in the trading system that bring on board a number of challenges that require adaptation into existing risk management mechanisms. Exchange Traded Currency Options Foreign exchange traded currency options give a company or an individual the right to exchange the currency of their country into another currency of another country at pre-agreed exchange rate at a given time in the future. This i s the world’s market option although most of the currency trade is done in private and hence it is not possible to determine exactly how large the market is. This form of trade is regulated however in a minimized way and most of the transactions are over the counter. With a few exceptions that are traded on exchanges such as the International Securities Exchange, the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange that has options for future contracts (Dong-Hyun & Gao 2003). In the past, the universally accepted currency option was valued by the Bank for International Settlements. For any business enterprise that wish to grow in the international market, there is the need to value the Foreign Exchange factor. Most of the organizations often do not take this risk factor into consideration during their contracts hence the delayed growth, and success in the international market. The international market often fluctuates in value and a given asset or commodity val ued at a given price at a present time might be valued at a higher or lower price in the future due to the exchange rate factor (Manzur, Hoque, & Poitras 2010). In the currency option therefore, the product that is to be traded called a derivative is based on a universally acceptable instrument that

Sport Scale Essay Example for Free

Sport Scale Essay ABSTRACT The primary purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motivation. Also, the new measure was employed to examine the relationship between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. One hundred sixty nine college students from two southeastern institutions participated in this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Bivariate correlation, t test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The Fan Motivation Scale (FMS), developed in this study, consisted of six components with 22 items. The number of items under every component range from 5 to 2 items (quality of the game 4 items, escape 5 items, boredom avoidance 5 items, social 3 items, entertainment 3 items, and sport atmosphere 2 items). In addition, two hypotheses were tested in the current study. The first hypothesis was that ethnic identity is positively related to sport fan motivation. The second hypothesis assumed that there was a difference between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. The results revealed the FMS is a reliable measure with an overall alpha score of 0. 90. Significant differences were found between participants in the total FMS and some of the subscales based on gender and ethnicity. However, the outcomes of the samples examined in this study do not support the first hypothesis. Therefore, no significant relationship was found between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. Regarding the second hypothesis, a significant difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sports have become an increasingly important part of our society. Sports fans represent a significant percentage of sport consumers, because 70 percent or more of Americans watch, read, or discuss sports at least once a day (Iso-Ahola Hatfield, 1986). From 1985 to 1998, attendance has significantly increased at the four major sports in the United States. Major League Baseball (MLB) had the largest increase in the number of people attending games (24. 2 million, a 50% increase), followed by professional basketball (10. 3 million, a 89% increase), professional football (5. 7 million, a 40% increase), and professional hockey (5. 6 million, a 49% increase). The number of people attending college sporting events has also increased during this time period (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). Additionally, more television programming time is being devoted to sporting events. The ESPN was the fifth highest ranked television network in 2000, in terms of revenue, it was estimated to be $2. 1 billion (McAvoy, 2000). With the increase of interest in sports has become an increased interest of sports fans as consumers. Sport teams and companies are very interested in attracting as many consumers as possible to purchase game tickets or products. Therefore, sport marketers should acknowledge the factors that drive fans to follow sport by attending, watching on television, or purchasing products. However, understanding the notion of sports fans is not simple because their attitudes and behaviors are not determined by a single motive or factor but rather occur for a variety of reasons (Mashiach, 1980). Statement of the Problem There has been a growing interest in the study of sport fan motivations in recent years to better understand fan behaviors (Bilyeu Wann, 2002; Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001; Funk, Mahony Ridinger, 2002; Funk, Ridinger, Moorman, 2003; Gantz, 1981; Kahle, Kambara, Rose, 1996; Lee, 2002; Mahony, Nakazawa, Funk, James, Gladden, 2002; Pease Zhang, 2001; Trail James, 2001; Wann, 1995; Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn Gambouras, 1999; Wann, Brewer, 1 Royalty, 1999; Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). Some of these studies have introduced measures of different consumption motives of sport fans. In addition, researchers have examined the relationship between fan motivation and other variables such as team identification, involvement, gender, and race. The measures used in previous studies to assess fan motivations vary in length and number of components. However, some of the components are used in all or most scales such as the entertainment component, the family component, and the friends component. They also share very similar items with regard to similar components. Items used in most previous scales often begin with the words â€Å"I like†, â€Å"I enjoy†, or â€Å"I feel† which raises a validity issue for the measures because the aforementioned words represent satisfaction and attitude rather than motivation. Fan satisfaction relates to the happiness and pleasure associated with the outcome of a sporting event while fan attitude represents the opinion and feelings an individual has about a sport team or sporting event. On the other hand, sport fan motivation refers to the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, buy team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motives. Also, the new measure was utilized to examine the relationship between fan motivation and ethnic identity. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this study includes the discussion of two concepts. First, the Fan Motivation Scale and its content will be introduced. Second, the notion of ethnic identity and why it should be correlated with sport fan motivation will be presented. The prior research (Wann, 1995; Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001; Bilyeu Wann, 2002) identified various motives that could drive fans to attend sporting events. Some of these motives are related to personal needs (entertainment and financial 2 gain), social needs (bonding with family and group affiliation), and psychological needs (self-esteem and achievement). In attempt to measure the motives of sport fans, the researchers introduced different scales. These scales comprised different number of motives ranging from 7 motives with 16 items to 18 motives with 54 items. The length of some of the scales was not the only problem. The major concern for previous scales is in the content validity, the extent to which items used in the scale accurately represent fan motives. In fact, all previous scales included items that are more related to attitude and satisfaction then motivation. The reason for this problem is the lack of clear definition of sport fan motivation. The current study is going to view sport fan motivation as the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, purchase team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. In addition, this study will employ a review of related literature and the prior effort made on fan motivation scales to develop valid and reliable measures of sport fan motivation. The proposed Fan Motivation Scale (FMS) will measure six motives: social, entertainment, escape, aesthetic, psychological, and amotivation. The social motive assesses the extent to which individuals participate in sporting events as spectators because they desire to spend time with their families (Gantz, 1981; Wann, 1995). Also, to some individuals, group affiliation is an important motivation of being a sport fan. Sport spectating provides a fan with opportunities to share time with others who enjoy the same activities. A fan may want to keep contact with a group of fans and seek refuge from a feeling of alienation (Branscombe Wann, 1991; Smith, 1988; Wann, 1995). The entertainment motive includes items that represent the desire of some individuals to have a good time and enjoy the excitement associated with sporting events. Some fans might enjoy a sport because of its entertainment value. Sport spectating provides fans with leisure pastime activities similar to watching movies or television. One advantage of sport spectating is that few special skills, if any, are required (Zillmann, Bryant Sapolsky, 1989; Wann, 1995). The escape motive of sport fans assesses the desire of sport fans to escape or diverge from their everyday lives. Attending a sporting event gives many people an 3 opportunity to temporarily forget about their troubling, dissatisfying, or boring lives (Smith, 1988; Lever Wheeler, 1984; Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). The aesthetic motive of sport fans appeals to those that are motivated by the aesthetic value of the sport. Some fans enjoy sports because of the competition between highly skilled athletes. The beauty, grace, and other artistic characteristics make some people enjoy sporting events (Milne McDonald, 1999; Wann, 1995). The psychological motive is a factor that motivates sports fans and gives them a feeling of accomplishment and achievement when the fans’ favorite team or player is successful. Sports fans tend to associate themselves with a successful team or player in order to create and sustain a positive self-concept (Branscombe Wann, 1991; Milne McDonald, 1999; Sloan, 1989). Amotivation refers to the state of lacking an intention to act. When amotivated, individual’s action lacks intentionality and a sense of personal causation (Ryan Deci, 2000). Amotivation results from not valuing an activity (Ryan, 1995), not feeling competent to do it (Deci, 1975), or not believing it will yield a desired outcome (Seligman, 1975). Some individuals might go to sport events and watch sport games because they have nothing else to do, bored, and want to kill time. These types of reasons had been neglected in previous studies of sport fan motivation. As mentioned earlier, prior research has examined the relationship between fan motivations and other variables such as sport involvement, team identification, and some demographic factors of selected sport fans. However, the ethnic identity of sport fans has been ignored in the literature. It might be assumed by some researchers that the race factor is enough representation of an individual’s ethnic background. It is, however, only part of the concept. Ethnic identity is defined as â€Å"a process of coming to terms with one’s ethnic-racial membership group as a salient reference group† (Smith, 1991, p. 182). Smith (1991) defined an ethnic group as â€Å"a reference group called upon by people who share a common history and culture† (p. 181). According to Gordon (1985), culture influences our social standards, values, cognitions, social perceptions, attributions, feelings, and sources of motivation. Individuals develop their ethnic identity through their social interaction with others. Through their interactions they begin to view themselves as others view them 4 (Stryker, 1980). Ethnic identity is viewed as part of social identity and it was defined by Tajfel (1981) as â€Å"that part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership† (p.255). An ethnic group is composed of a number of individuals who share a sense of group identity based on their unique culture, which include values, morals, and various customs, as well as shared origins. In the larger society, ethnic groups tend to maintain a sense of peoplehood (Dublin, 1996; Kornblum Janowitz, 1974; Portes, 1996). Forty years ago, Tumin (1964) defined an ethnic group as â€Å"a social group which, within a large cultural and social system, claims or is accorded special status in terms of complexity of traits which it exhibits or is believed to exhibit† (p.123). Distinguishing between ethnic groups is not always simple. Some ethnic minorities, such as African Americans, may have obvious physical differences that set them apart from other ethnic groups within the United States, but many biracial individuals present an ambiguity because they belong to two or more ethnic groups, which makes ethnicity a subjective construct (Root, 1992). Studying ethnic identity is very important because it is the foundation for what an individual believes about himself or herself. Given the significance of ethnic identity, many researchers have been studying this construct. Phinney (1990) reviewed 70 studies of ethnic identity published between 1972 and 1990. She found that most of the studies have used one of three theoretical frameworks to examine ethnic identity. The first framework is the social identity theory which ethnic identity is considered a component of social identity. Social theory refers to the need for an individual to be a member of a group that provides him or her with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept. The second framework is the acculturation prospective. The concept of acculturation refers to changes in the cultural attitudes, value, and behaviors that result from interactions between two distinct cultures (Berry, Trimble, Olmedo, 1986). These kinds of changes are normally the concern of a group of individuals, and how it relates to the dominant or host society. Ethnic identity can be an aspect of acculturation in which the focus is on the individuals and how they relate to their own group as a subgroup of the larger society (Phinney, 1990). The third framework is developmental framework, where ethnic identity is viewed as a process by which people construct their ethnicity. 5 Erikson (1968) indicated that identity is the outcome of a period of exploration and experimentation that normally takes place during adolescence and leads to a decision of commitment in various areas, such as occupation, and religion. This view of ethnic identity suggests age as a factor is strongly related to developing one’s ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1990) mentioned that most studies have focused on certain components of ethnic identity. These components include self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to the group, attitudes about one’s group membership, and ethnic involvement (social participation, cultural practices and attitudes). Self-identification represents the ethnic label that one uses for oneself. The ability of children to label themselves with the right ethnic group was the addressed in a study by Aboud (187). Another issue was the relationship between incorrect labeling and poor self-concept (Cross, 1978). Adults are expected to know their ethnicity but the issue is what label one chooses to use for himself or herself. However, some ethnic groups have a little choice in what ethnic title they can use for themselves often because of their distinctive skin color or culture (language, dresses, customs, etc. ) which distinguishes them from other groups. Additionally, some individuals have two or more ethnic backgrounds and they identify themselves as members of more than one group. Ethnic self-identification is an important but complex component of ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). The feeling of belonging to one’s own group is an important element of ethnic identity. Some researchers have tried to assess the sense of belonging by either asking people how strong was their relationship with their groups or how separate they feel from other groups (Driedger, 1976). Members of every ethnic group can have positive or negative attitudes toward their own group. Some of the positive attitudes related were pride in and pleasure, satisfaction, and contentment with one’s group (Phinney, 1990). Negative attitudes include dissatisfaction, displeasure, discontentment, and a desire to hide ones identity (Driedger, 1976). People who display no positive attitudes or express negative attitudes can be seen as denying their ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). In addition, the involvement in the social life and cultural practices of one’s ethnic group is considered a strong indicator of one’s ethnic identity. The social and cultural practices 6 that represent the involvement component include language, friendship, social organizations, religion, cultural traditions, and politics (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1992) developed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) with the purpose of assessing ethnic identity among various ethnic groups. The scale was designed to measure three components of ethnic identity: affirmation and belonging, ethnic identity achievement, and ethnic behaviors. Roberts, Phinney, Masse, Chen, Roberts, and Romero (1999) examined the validity of the MEIM and conducted factor analysis with a large sample. The outcomes suggest that the scale measures two components of ethnic identity: ethnic identity search and affirmation, belonging, and commitment. Ethnic identity search refers to a developmental and cognitive component. Affirmation, belonging, and commitment represent the affective component. However, the scale has been proven to be a valid and reliable measurement and it will be used in the context of this study. More discussion of the scale is provided in the method section. Researchers have indicated that positive relationships do exist between ethnic identity and self-esteem, self-concept, psychological well-being, achievement, and satisfaction (Phinney, 1992; Roberts et al. , 1999; Delworth, 1989). However, it is the purpose of this study to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and motivations of sport fans. According to Phinney (1990) some.